i Table of contents 292

Political Ideologies: An Introduction

9781352011845

BRIEF CONTENTS		5
CONTENTS		6
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL		9
KEY FIGURES		9
KEY CONCEPTS		10
PERSPECTIVES ON . . .		10
TENSIONS WITHIN . . .		11
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION		11
FIGURES		11
TOUR OF THE BOOK		12
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION		14
CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDINGPOLITICAL IDEOLOGIES		15
PREVIEW		15
VIEWS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY		16
Marxist views		17
KEY FIGURE ANTONIO GRAMSCI (1891–1937)		19
Non-Marxist views		19
KEY CONCEPT PRAGMATISM		20
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . IDEOLOGY		21
CONTOURS OF IDEOLOGY		21
FROM ‘CLASSICAL’ TO ‘NEW’ IDEOLOGIES?		24
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		26
LEFT, RIGHT AND BEYOND		27
KEY FIGURE ANTHONY GIDDENS (BORN 1938)		29
THE END OF IDEOLOGY?		30
KEY FIGURE DANIEL BELL (1919–2011)		30
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . HISTORY		31
KEY FIGURE FRANCIS FUKUYAMA (BORN 1952)		31
KEY CONCEPT DEMOCRATIZATION		32
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		32
FURTHER READING		32
CHAPTER 2 LIBERALISM		33
PREVIEW		33
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		34
KEY CONCEPT GLOBALIZATION		35
CORE THEMES		36
Individualism		37
KEY FIGURE IMMANUEL KANT (1724–1804)		37
KEY CONCEPT INDIVIDUALISM		38
Freedom		38
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . FREEDOM		39
KEY FIGURE JOHN STUART MILL (1806–73)		39
Reason		40
KEY CONCEPT RATIONALISM		40
Justice		41
KEY FIGURE MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759–97)		42
KEY FIGURE BETTY FRIEDAN (1921–2006)		42
Toleration		43
KEY FIGURE JOHN LOCKE (1632–1704)		43
TYPES OF LIBERALISM		45
Classical liberalism		45
Natural rights		45
Utilitarianism		46
KEY FIGURE JEREMY BENTHAM (1748–1832)		47
KEY CONCEPT UTILITARIANISM		47
Economic liberalism		47
KEY FIGURE ADAM SMITH (1723–90)		48
Social Darwinism		49
Modern liberalism		50
Individuality		51
Positive freedom		51
Social liberalism		52
KEY FIGURE JOHN RAWLS (1921–2002)		53
Economic management		53
KEY CONCEPT KEYNESIANISM		54
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . LIBERALISM		54
Liberal democracy		55
Constitutional rule		55
KEY CONCEPT CONSTITUTIONALISM		56
Democratic rule		57
KEY CONCEPT FEDERALISM		57
KEY FIGURE JAMES MADISON (1751–1836)		58
KEY CONCEPT LIBERAL DEMOCRACY		58
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . DEMOCRACY		59
THE FUTURE OF LIBERALISM		60
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		61
FURTHER READING		62
CHAPTER 3 CONSERVATISM		63
PREVIEW		63
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		64
KEY FIGURE EDMUND BURKE (1729–97)		64
CORE THEMES		66
Tradition		66
Human imperfection		68
KEY FIGURE THOMAS HOBBES (1588–1679)		68
KEY FIGURE MICHAEL OAKESHOTT (1901–90)		69
Organic society		69
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . HUMAN NATURE		70
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		71
Hierarchy and authority		72
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . SOCIETY		73
Property		74
TYPES OF CONSERVATISM		75
Libertarian conservatism		75
KEY CONCEPT LIBERTARIANISM		75
Neoliberalism		76
KEY CONCEPT NEW RIGHT		76
KEY CONCEPT NEOLIBERALISM		77
KEY FIGURE AYN RAND (1905–82)		77
KEY FIGURE FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK (1899–1992)		78
KEY FIGURE ROBERT NOZICK (1938–2002)		79
Authoritarian conservatism		79
KEY CONCEPT AUTHORITARIANISM		80
Neoconservatism		81
KEY CONCEPT NEOCONSERVATISM		81
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . CONSERVATISM (1)		81
Paternalistic conservatism		83
One Nation conservatism		83
KEY CONCEPT PATERNALISM		84
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . CONSERVATISM (2)		84
KEY CONCEPT TORYISM		85
Christian democracy		85
The social market		86
THE FUTURE OF CONSERVATISM		87
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		88
FURTHER READING		88
CHAPTER 4 SOCIALISM		89
PREVIEW		89
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		90
KEY FIGURE KARL MARX (1818–83)		90
KEY CONCEPT CAPITALISM		91
KEY FIGURE MAO ZEDONG (MAO TSE-TUNG) (1893–1976)		91
CORE THEMES		92
Community		93
KEY CONCEPT COLLECTIVISM		94
KEY FIGURE ROBERT OWEN (1771–1858)		94
Cooperation		94
Equality		95
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . EQUALITY		96
Class politics		97
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		98
Common ownership		99
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . THE ECONOMY		99
KEY FIGURE THOMAS PIKETTY (BORN 1971)		100
TYPES OF SOCIALISM		101
Communism		101
KEY CONCEPT COMMUNISM		101
Classical Marxism		102
Philosophy		102
Economics		103
Politics		104
Orthodox communism		105
KEY FIGURE VLADIMIR ILICH LENIN (1870–1924)		105
KEY FIGURE ROSA LUXEMBURG (1871–1919)		106
Neo-Marxism		107
KEY FIGURE HERBERT MARCUSE (1898–1979)		108
KEY CONCEPT NEW LEFT		108
Social democracy		108
KEY CONCEPT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY		109
Ethical socialism		109
Reformist socialism		110
KEY FIGURE EDUARD BERNSTEIN (1850–1932)		110
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . SOCIALISM (1)		111
The crisis of social democracy		112
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . SOCIALISM (2)		114
THE FUTURE OF SOCIALISM		114
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		115
FURTHER READING		116
CHAPTER 5 ANARCHISM		117
PREVIEW		117
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		118
KEY CONCEPT ANTI-GLOBALIZATION		119
CORE THEMES		119
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		120
Anti-statism		121
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . STATE		121
KEY FIGURE EMMA GOLDMAN (1869–1940)		123
Natural order		123
KEY CONCEPT UTOPIANISM		124
KEY FIGURE MIKHAIL BAKUNIN (1814–76)		125
Anti-clericalism		125
Economic freedom		126
TYPES OF ANARCHISM		127
Collectivist anarchism		127
KEY FIGURE PETER KROPOTKIN (1842–1921)		127
Mutualism		128
Anarcho-syndicalism		129
KEY FIGURE PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON (1809–65)		129
Anarcho-communism		130
Individualist anarchism		131
KEY FIGURE WILLIAM GODWIN (1756–1836)		131
Egoism		132
KEY FIGURE MAX STIRNER (1806–56)		132
Libertarianism		132
KEY FIGURE HENRY DAVID THOREAU (1817–62)		133
Anarcho-capitalism		133
KEY FIGURE MURRAY ROTHBARD (1926–95)		134
TENSIONS WITHIN... ANARCHISM		134
THE FUTURE OF ANARCHISM		135
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		136
FURTHER READING		137
CHAPTER 6 NATIONALISM		138
PREVIEW		138
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		139
KEY CONCEPT PATRIOTISM		139
KEY CONCEPT IMPERIALISM		140
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		142
CORE THEMES		142
The nation		143
PERSPECTIVES ON... NATION		145
Organic community		146
Self-determination		147
KEY FIGURE JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712–78)		147
Culturalism		148
KEY FIGURE JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER (1744–1803)		149
KEY FIGURE MARCUS GARVEY (1887–1940)		150
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . NATIONALISM (1)		150
TYPES OF NATIONALISM		151
Liberal nationalism		151
KEY FIGURE GUISEPPE MAZZINI (1805–72)		151
KEY FIGURE WOODROW WILSON (1856–1924)		152
KEY CONCEPT INTERNATIONALISM		153
KEY CONCEPT COSMOPOLITANISM		153
Conservative nationalism		154
Expansionist nationalism		155
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . NATIONALISM (2)		156
KEY FIGURE CHARLES MAURRAS (1868–1952)		157
Anti-colonial and postcolonial nationalism		157
KEY FIGURE MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI (1869–1948)		158
KEY FIGURE FRANTZ FANON (1925–61)		159
THE FUTURE OF NATIONALISM		160
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		161
FURTHER READING		161
CHAPTER 7 FASCISM		162
PREVIEW		162
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		163
KEY FIGURE ADOLF HITLER (1889–1945)		163
CORE THEMES		164
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		165
Anti-rationalism		165
Struggle		167
Leadership and elitism		168
KEY FIGURE FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844–1900)		168
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . AUTHORITY		169
Socialism		169
KEY FIGURE BENITO MUSSOLINI (1883–1945)		170
Ultranationalism		171
TYPES OF FASCISM		172
Extreme statism		172
The totalitarian ideal		172
KEY FIGURE GIOVANNI GENTILE (1875–1944)		173
KEY CONCEPT TOTALITARIANISM		173
KEY FIGURE ALFRED ROSENBERG (1895–1946)		174
Corporatism		174
KEY CONCEPT CORPORATISM		174
Modernization		175
Extreme racism		175
The politics of race		175
KEY CONCEPT RACISM		176
Nazi race theories		177
KEY FIGURE JOSEPH ARTHUR GOBINEAU (1816–82)		177
KEY CONCEPT ANTI-SEMITISM		178
KEY FIGURE HOUSTON STEWART CHAMBERLAIN (1855–1929)		178
Peasant ideology		179
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FASCISM		180
THE FUTURE OF FASCISM		180
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		182
FURTHER READING		182
CHAPTER 8 POPULISM		183
PREVIEW		183
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		184
KEY FIGURE JUAN DOMINGO PERÓN (1895–1974)		185
KEY CONCEPT ANTI-POLITICS		185
CORE THEMES		186
The people		186
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . THE PEOPLE		187
The elite		188
KEY CONCEPT ELITISM		188
Populist democracy		189
KEY CONCEPT PLEBISCITARY DEMOCRACY		190
KEY CONCEPT MAJORITARIANISM		191
TYPES OF POPULISM		191
Right populism		192
National populism		192
KEY CONCEPT CULTURE WAR		193
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		193
Authoritarian populism		194
KEY FIGURE VIKTOR ORBAN (BORN 1963)		195
The far-right		195
KEY FIGURE MARINE LE PEN (BORN 1968)		196
Left populism		196
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . POPULISM		196
KEY FIGURE HUGO CHAVEZ (1954–2013)		197
THE FUTURE OF POPULISM		198
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		199
FURTHER READING		199
CHAPTER 9 FEMINISM		200
PREVIEW		200
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		201
CORE THEMES		202
Redefining ‘the political’		203
KEY FIGURE KATE MILLETT (BORN 1934)		203
Sex and gender		204
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . GENDER		205
KEY FIGURE SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR (1906–86)		205
Patriarchy		206
Equality and difference		207
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		208
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FEMINISM (1)		209
TYPES OF FEMINISM		210
Traditional feminist theories		210
Liberal feminism		210
Socialist feminism		211
Radical feminism		212
KEY FIGURE GERMAINE GREER (BORN 1939)		213
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FEMINISM (2)		214
Modern approaches to gender and sexuality		214
Third-wave thinking and intersectionality		215
KEY CONCEPT INTERSECTIONALITY		215
KEY FIGURE BELL HOOKS (BORN 1952)		215
Trans theory and feminism		216
KEY FIGURE JUDITH BUTLER (BORN 1956)		216
Queer theory		217
THE FUTURE OF FEMINISM		218
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		219
FURTHER READING		219
CHAPTER 10 ECOLOGISM		220
PREVIEW		220
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		221
KEY FIGURE RACHEL CARSON (1907–1964)		221
CORE THEMES		222
Ecology		223
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . NATURE		224
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . ECOLOGISM		225
Systems thinking		225
KEY FIGURE JAMES LOVELOCK (BORN 1919)		226
Sustainability		227
KEY CONCEPT INDUSTRIALISM		227
KEY FIGURE ERNST FRIEDRICH (‘FRITZ’) SCHUMACHER (1911–77)		228
Environmental ethics		229
From having to being		229
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		230
KEY CONCEPT POSTMATERIALISM		231
TYPES OF ECOLOGISM		231
Reformist ecology		231
KEY CONCEPT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT		232
Ecosocialism		233
Eco-anarchism		233
KEY FIGURE MURRAY BOOKCHIN (1921–2006)		234
Ecofeminism		234
KEY FIGURE CAROLYN MERCHANT (BORN 1936)		235
Deep ecology		235
KEY FIGURE ARNE NAESS (1912–2008)		236
THE FUTURE OF ECOLOGISM		237
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		238
FURTHER READING		238
CHAPTER 11 MULTICULTURALISM		239
PREVIEW		239
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		240
CORE THEMES		241
Postcolonialism		241
KEY CONCEPT COLONIALISM		242
KEY FIGURE EDWARD SAID (1935–2003)		242
Politics of recognition		243
KEY CONCEPT REPUBLICANISM		244
Culture and identity		245
KEY CONCEPT COMMUNITARIANISM		245
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . CULTURE		246
KEY CONCEPT IDENTITY POLITICS		246
Minority rights		247
KEY FIGURE WILL KYMLICKA (BORN 1962)		248
KEY FIGURE CHARLES TAYLOR (BORN 1931)		248
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		249
KEY FIGURE JAMES TULLY (BORN 1946)		250
Togetherness in difference		250
TYPES OF MULTICULTURALISM		251
Liberal multiculturalism		252
Pluralist multiculturalism		253
KEY FIGURE ISAIAH BERLIN (1909–97)		254
KEY CONCEPT PLURALISM		254
KEY FIGURE BHIKHU PAREKH (BORN 1935)		255
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . MULTICULTURALISM		255
Cosmopolitan multiculturalism		255
KEY FIGURE JEREMY WALDRON (BORN 1953)		256
THE FUTURE OF MULTICULTURALISM		257
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		258
FURTHER READING		258
CHAPTER 12 FUNDAMENTALISM		259
PREVIEW		259
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW		260
KEY CONCEPT RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM		260
KEY CONCEPT THEOCRACY		261
KEY CONCEPT CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS		261
CORE THEMES		261
Religion as politics		262
KEY FIGURE AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI (1900–89)		262
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .		263
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . RELIGION		264
Essential truths		265
Anti-modernism		266
Militancy		268
TYPES OF FUNDAMENTALISM		269
Islamism		269
KEY CONCEPT ISLAMISM		269
KEY FIGURE SAYYID QUTB (1906–66)		270
Salafism		271
Shia Islamism		271
Moderate or conservative Islamism		272
Christian fundamentalism		272
The new Christian right		273
KEY FIGURE JERRY FALWELL (1933–2007)		274
Other fundamentalisms		275
Hindu fundamentalism		275
KEY FIGURE NARENDRA MODI (BORN 1950)		276
Sikh fundamentalism		276
KEY FIGURE JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE (1947–84)		276
Jewish fundamentalism		277
KEY CONCEPT ZIONISM		277
Buddhist fundamentalism		277
THE FUTURE OF FUNDAMENTALISM		278
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		279
FURTHER READING		279
CHAPTER 13 WHY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES MATTER		280
PREVIEW		280
WHY WE NEED POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES		281
Making sense of the world		281
KEY CONCEPT PARADIGM		282
Investing politics with moral purpose		282
Forging the collective		282
DO IDEOLOGIES MATTER TOO MUCH?		283
Imprisoning the mind		283
Distorting ‘truth’		284
Pitting ‘us’ against ‘them’		284
CHOOSING BETWEEN IDEOLOGIES		285
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION		285
BIBLIOGRAPHY		286
INDEX		297

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