Political Ideologies: An Introduction

list of illustrative material

xi

TENSIONS WITHIN . . . Classical liberalism v. Modern liberalism Neoliberalism v. Neoconservatism Paternalistic conservatism v. Libertarian conservatism Communism v. Social democracy

40

Liberal nationalism v. Expansionist nationalism 142 Fascism v. Nazism 166 Right populism v. Left populism 182 Equality feminism v. Difference feminism 195 Liberal feminism v. Radical feminism 200 ‘Shallow’ ecology v. ‘Deep’ ecology 211 Liberal multiculturalism v. Pluralist multiculturalism 241

67

70 97

Social democracy v. Third way

100

Individualist anarchism v. Collectivist anarchism 120 Civic nationalism v. Ethnocultural nationalism 136 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION Decolonizing the curriculum 12 Free speech in a plural society 30 Same-sex marriage 57 Universal basic income 84 Anarchism and cyberspace 106 Nationalism and the pandemic 128

Greece’s Golden Dawn The refugee crisis in Europe The Me Too movement School climate strikes

151 179 194 216 235 249 158 162 190 193 229 239 242

Cultural appropriation

Donald Trump and the Christian right

FIGURES 1.1 Features of ideology

7.1 Types of fascism

8

7.2 The nature of racism

1.2 Contrasting ideological structures 1.3 ‘Classical’ and ‘new’ ideologies

10

9.1 The sexual division of labour 9.2 Radical feminist view of patriarchy 11.1 C ontrasting approaches to social advancement 11.2 Liberalism and cultural diversity 11.3 Types of multiculturalism 12.1 R elativism–fundamentalism spectrum

11

1.4 Linear spectrum

13 14 14 15

1.5 Horseshoe spectrum

1.6 Two-dimensional spectrum 1.7 The open/closed divide 4.1 Historical materialism 5.1 The nature of anarchism

88

105 132

251

6.1 Views of the nation

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